A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.
Identifieur interne : 000620 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000619; suivant : 000621A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.
Auteurs : J S Oxford [Royaume-Uni] ; R. Lambkin ; A. Sefton ; R. Daniels ; A. Elliot ; R. Brown ; D. GillSource :
- Vaccine [ 0264-410X ] ; 2005.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Animaux (MeSH), Canards (MeSH), Equus caballus (MeSH), France (MeSH), Grippe humaine (histoire), Histoire du 20ème siècle (MeSH), Humains (MeSH), Maladies transmissibles émergentes (histoire), Oies (MeSH), Personnel militaire (histoire), Première Guerre mondiale (MeSH), Suidae (MeSH), Virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité), Épidémies de maladies (MeSH).
- MESH :
- histoire : Grippe humaine, Maladies transmissibles émergentes, Personnel militaire.
- pathogénicité : Virus de la grippe A.
- Animaux, Canards, Equus caballus, France, Histoire du 20ème siècle, Humains, Oies, Première Guerre mondiale, Suidae, Épidémies de maladies.
- Wicri :
- geographic : France.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Animals (MeSH), Communicable Diseases, Emerging (history), Disease Outbreaks (MeSH), Ducks (MeSH), France (MeSH), Geese (MeSH), History, 20th Century (MeSH), Horses (MeSH), Humans (MeSH), Influenza A virus (pathogenicity), Influenza, Human (history), Military Personnel (history), Swine (MeSH), World War I (MeSH).
- MESH :
- geographic : France.
- history : Communicable Diseases, Emerging, Influenza, Human, Military Personnel.
- pathogenicity : Influenza A virus.
- Animals, Disease Outbreaks, Ducks, Geese, History, 20th Century, Horses, Humans, Swine, World War I.
Abstract
The Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 was a cataclysmic outbreak of infection wherein over 50 million people died worldwide within 18 months. The question of the origin is important because most influenza surveillance at present is focussed on S.E. Asia. Two later pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 arose in this region. However we present evidence that early outbreaks of a new disease with rapid onset and spreadability, high mortality in young soldiers in the British base camp at Etaples in Northern France in the winter of 1917 is, at least to date, the most likely focus of origin of the pandemic. Pathologists working at Etaples and Aldershot barracks later agreed that these early outbreaks in army camps were the same disease as the infection wave of influenza in 1918. The Etaples camp had the necessary mixture of factors for emergence of pandemic influenza including overcrowding (with 100,000 soldiers daily changing), live pigs, and nearby live geese, duck and chicken markets, horses and an additional factor 24 gases (some of them mutagenic) used in large 100 ton quantities to contaminate soldiers and the landscape. The final trigger for the ensuing pandemic was the return of millions of soldiers to their homelands around the entire world in the autumn of 1918.
DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.06.035
PubMed: 15603896
Affiliations:
Links toward previous steps (curation, corpus...)
Le document en format XML
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Lambkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sefton, A" sort="Sefton, A" uniqKey="Sefton A" first="A" last="Sefton">A. Sefton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daniels, R" sort="Daniels, R" uniqKey="Daniels R" first="R" last="Daniels">R. Daniels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliot, A" sort="Elliot, A" uniqKey="Elliot A" first="A" last="Elliot">A. Elliot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, R" sort="Brown, R" uniqKey="Brown R" first="R" last="Brown">R. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, D" sort="Gill, D" uniqKey="Gill D" first="D" last="Gill">D. Gill</name></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><date when="2005">2005</date><idno type="RBID">pubmed:15603896</idno><idno type="pmid">15603896</idno><idno type="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.06.035</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000621</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Corpus" wicri:corpus="PubMed">000621</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000621</idno><idno type="wicri:explorRef" wicri:stream="Main" wicri:step="Curation">000621</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000621</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en">A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.</title><author><name sortKey="Oxford, J S" sort="Oxford, J S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="J S" last="Oxford">J S Oxford</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:affiliation>St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London, and Retroscreen Virology Ltd., Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS, UK. p.meeking@retroscreen.com</nlm:affiliation><country xml:lang="fr">Royaume-Uni</country><wicri:regionArea>St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London, and Retroscreen Virology Ltd., Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>London E1 4NS</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Lambkin, R" sort="Lambkin, R" uniqKey="Lambkin R" first="R" last="Lambkin">R. Lambkin</name></author><author><name sortKey="Sefton, A" sort="Sefton, A" uniqKey="Sefton A" first="A" last="Sefton">A. Sefton</name></author><author><name sortKey="Daniels, R" sort="Daniels, R" uniqKey="Daniels R" first="R" last="Daniels">R. Daniels</name></author><author><name sortKey="Elliot, A" sort="Elliot, A" uniqKey="Elliot A" first="A" last="Elliot">A. Elliot</name></author><author><name sortKey="Brown, R" sort="Brown, R" uniqKey="Brown R" first="R" last="Brown">R. Brown</name></author><author><name sortKey="Gill, D" sort="Gill, D" uniqKey="Gill D" first="D" last="Gill">D. Gill</name></author></analytic><series><title level="j">Vaccine</title><idno type="ISSN">0264-410X</idno><imprint><date when="2005" type="published">2005</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals (MeSH)</term><term>Communicable Diseases, Emerging (history)</term><term>Disease Outbreaks (MeSH)</term><term>Ducks (MeSH)</term><term>France (MeSH)</term><term>Geese (MeSH)</term><term>History, 20th Century (MeSH)</term><term>Horses (MeSH)</term><term>Humans (MeSH)</term><term>Influenza A virus (pathogenicity)</term><term>Influenza, Human (history)</term><term>Military Personnel (history)</term><term>Swine (MeSH)</term><term>World War I (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux (MeSH)</term><term>Canards (MeSH)</term><term>Equus caballus (MeSH)</term><term>France (MeSH)</term><term>Grippe humaine (histoire)</term><term>Histoire du 20ème siècle (MeSH)</term><term>Humains (MeSH)</term><term>Maladies transmissibles émergentes (histoire)</term><term>Oies (MeSH)</term><term>Personnel militaire (histoire)</term><term>Première Guerre mondiale (MeSH)</term><term>Suidae (MeSH)</term><term>Virus de la grippe A (pathogénicité)</term><term>Épidémies de maladies (MeSH)</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>France</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="histoire" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>Maladies transmissibles émergentes</term><term>Personnel militaire</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="history" xml:lang="en"><term>Communicable Diseases, Emerging</term><term>Influenza, Human</term><term>Military Personnel</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogenicity" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A virus</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="pathogénicité" xml:lang="fr"><term>Virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Animals</term><term>Disease Outbreaks</term><term>Ducks</term><term>Geese</term><term>History, 20th Century</term><term>Horses</term><term>Humans</term><term>Swine</term><term>World War I</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Animaux</term><term>Canards</term><term>Equus caballus</term><term>France</term><term>Histoire du 20ème siècle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Oies</term><term>Première Guerre mondiale</term><term>Suidae</term><term>Épidémies de maladies</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>France</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">The Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 was a cataclysmic outbreak of infection wherein over 50 million people died worldwide within 18 months. The question of the origin is important because most influenza surveillance at present is focussed on S.E. Asia. Two later pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 arose in this region. However we present evidence that early outbreaks of a new disease with rapid onset and spreadability, high mortality in young soldiers in the British base camp at Etaples in Northern France in the winter of 1917 is, at least to date, the most likely focus of origin of the pandemic. Pathologists working at Etaples and Aldershot barracks later agreed that these early outbreaks in army camps were the same disease as the infection wave of influenza in 1918. The Etaples camp had the necessary mixture of factors for emergence of pandemic influenza including overcrowding (with 100,000 soldiers daily changing), live pigs, and nearby live geese, duck and chicken markets, horses and an additional factor 24 gases (some of them mutagenic) used in large 100 ton quantities to contaminate soldiers and the landscape. The final trigger for the ensuing pandemic was the return of millions of soldiers to their homelands around the entire world in the autumn of 1918.</div></front></TEI><pubmed><MedlineCitation Status="MEDLINE" Owner="NLM"><PMID Version="1">15603896</PMID><DateCompleted><Year>2005</Year><Month>03</Month><Day>15</Day></DateCompleted><DateRevised><Year>2017</Year><Month>09</Month><Day>22</Day></DateRevised><Article PubModel="Print"><Journal><ISSN IssnType="Print">0264-410X</ISSN><JournalIssue CitedMedium="Print"><Volume>23</Volume><Issue>7</Issue><PubDate><Year>2005</Year><Month>Jan</Month><Day>04</Day></PubDate></JournalIssue><Title>Vaccine</Title><ISOAbbreviation>Vaccine</ISOAbbreviation></Journal><ArticleTitle>A hypothesis: the conjunction of soldiers, gas, pigs, ducks, geese and horses in northern France during the Great War provided the conditions for the emergence of the "Spanish" influenza pandemic of 1918-1919.</ArticleTitle><Pagination><MedlinePgn>940-5</MedlinePgn></Pagination><Abstract><AbstractText>The Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919 was a cataclysmic outbreak of infection wherein over 50 million people died worldwide within 18 months. The question of the origin is important because most influenza surveillance at present is focussed on S.E. Asia. Two later pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 arose in this region. However we present evidence that early outbreaks of a new disease with rapid onset and spreadability, high mortality in young soldiers in the British base camp at Etaples in Northern France in the winter of 1917 is, at least to date, the most likely focus of origin of the pandemic. Pathologists working at Etaples and Aldershot barracks later agreed that these early outbreaks in army camps were the same disease as the infection wave of influenza in 1918. The Etaples camp had the necessary mixture of factors for emergence of pandemic influenza including overcrowding (with 100,000 soldiers daily changing), live pigs, and nearby live geese, duck and chicken markets, horses and an additional factor 24 gases (some of them mutagenic) used in large 100 ton quantities to contaminate soldiers and the landscape. The final trigger for the ensuing pandemic was the return of millions of soldiers to their homelands around the entire world in the autumn of 1918.</AbstractText></Abstract><AuthorList CompleteYN="Y"><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Oxford</LastName><ForeName>J S</ForeName><Initials>JS</Initials><AffiliationInfo><Affiliation>St. Bartholomew's and The Royal London, and Retroscreen Virology Ltd., Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, London E1 4NS, UK. p.meeking@retroscreen.com</Affiliation></AffiliationInfo></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Lambkin</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Sefton</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Daniels</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Elliot</LastName><ForeName>A</ForeName><Initials>A</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Brown</LastName><ForeName>R</ForeName><Initials>R</Initials></Author><Author ValidYN="Y"><LastName>Gill</LastName><ForeName>D</ForeName><Initials>D</Initials></Author></AuthorList><Language>eng</Language><GrantList CompleteYN="Y"><Grant><GrantID>MC_U117531986</GrantID><Agency>Medical Research Council</Agency><Country>United Kingdom</Country></Grant></GrantList><PublicationTypeList><PublicationType UI="D016456">Historical Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D016428">Journal Article</PublicationType><PublicationType UI="D013485">Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't</PublicationType></PublicationTypeList></Article><MedlineJournalInfo><Country>Netherlands</Country><MedlineTA>Vaccine</MedlineTA><NlmUniqueID>8406899</NlmUniqueID><ISSNLinking>0264-410X</ISSNLinking></MedlineJournalInfo><CitationSubset>IM</CitationSubset><MeshHeadingList><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D000818" MajorTopicYN="N">Animals</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D021821" MajorTopicYN="N">Communicable Diseases, Emerging</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000266" MajorTopicYN="Y">history</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004196" MajorTopicYN="Y">Disease Outbreaks</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D004372" MajorTopicYN="N">Ducks</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005602" MajorTopicYN="N" Type="Geographic">France</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D005777" MajorTopicYN="N">Geese</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D049673" MajorTopicYN="N">History, 20th Century</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006736" MajorTopicYN="N">Horses</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D006801" MajorTopicYN="N">Humans</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D009980" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza A virus</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000472" MajorTopicYN="N">pathogenicity</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D007251" MajorTopicYN="N">Influenza, Human</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000266" MajorTopicYN="Y">history</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D008889" MajorTopicYN="N">Military Personnel</DescriptorName><QualifierName UI="Q000266" MajorTopicYN="Y">history</QualifierName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D013552" MajorTopicYN="N">Swine</DescriptorName></MeshHeading><MeshHeading><DescriptorName UI="D047828" MajorTopicYN="Y">World War I</DescriptorName></MeshHeading></MeshHeadingList></MedlineCitation><PubmedData><History><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="received"><Year>2004</Year><Month>04</Month><Day>15</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="revised"><Year>2004</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>17</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="accepted"><Year>2004</Year><Month>06</Month><Day>24</Day></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="pubmed"><Year>2004</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="medline"><Year>2005</Year><Month>3</Month><Day>16</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate><PubMedPubDate PubStatus="entrez"><Year>2004</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>18</Day><Hour>9</Hour><Minute>0</Minute></PubMedPubDate></History><PublicationStatus>ppublish</PublicationStatus><ArticleIdList><ArticleId IdType="pubmed">15603896</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="pii">S0264-410X(04)00487-6</ArticleId><ArticleId IdType="doi">10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.06.035</ArticleId></ArticleIdList></PubmedData></pubmed><affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country></list><tree><noCountry><name sortKey="Brown, R" sort="Brown, R" uniqKey="Brown R" first="R" last="Brown">R. Brown</name><name sortKey="Daniels, R" sort="Daniels, R" uniqKey="Daniels R" first="R" last="Daniels">R. Daniels</name><name sortKey="Elliot, A" sort="Elliot, A" uniqKey="Elliot A" first="A" last="Elliot">A. Elliot</name><name sortKey="Gill, D" sort="Gill, D" uniqKey="Gill D" first="D" last="Gill">D. Gill</name><name sortKey="Lambkin, R" sort="Lambkin, R" uniqKey="Lambkin R" first="R" last="Lambkin">R. Lambkin</name><name sortKey="Sefton, A" sort="Sefton, A" uniqKey="Sefton A" first="A" last="Sefton">A. Sefton</name></noCountry><country name="Royaume-Uni"><noRegion><name sortKey="Oxford, J S" sort="Oxford, J S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="J S" last="Oxford">J S Oxford</name></noRegion></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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